Category: Mission Summary

Mission Name: MARS EXPRESS (MDRS Advanced Research Study, EXperimental Pressure suit Radios Engineering Story Simulation)

For MDRS, this was an unusual rotation. We were on a one week mission rather than two weeks, and five crew members rather than six. We drove in from five different states in three time zones, with goals to improve engineering at MDRS in areas we’ve been working on for years in the background.

Pressurized Spacesuits and YouTube Livestream

Our mission sponsor, Peter, wanted to test his pressurized space suit designs within the hab. He also had extensive plans to film this with professional equipment with a short “drama” depicting Cody in the pressurized suit going through the airlock and ascending the stairs to pretend to patch the main window. This succeeded in most respects with him easily getting up the staircase (our biggest worry). The suit itself had several minor breakdowns during assembly and during the filming, but all were remedied on site. We are very pleased with the results.

Cody, a YouTube geologist with 2.2 million followers, did a livestream of Peter helping him into the spacesuit and as a “behind the scenes” live stream of the drama video in real time. As of now (two days later), this video has 33,000 views and 1000 likes. Kent worked the camera/comments for the suiting up part and then put on a conventional analog suit to appear as the backup astronaut during the video, and Brad took over the live stream. A friend of the Mars Society in the comments answered questions for late arrivals wondering what Cody was doing, and the behind the cell phone camera team also answered questions when possible. Overall a very good experience, showing both the successes and setback/recovery process for spacesuit engineering and film production in a single hour and a half video.

Peter also did several Discord live streams following us around with a laptop and doing interviews while we went about our work. He set up an elaborate HAM radio setup in the RAM maintenance building and was able to communicate with one other HAM operator in Arizona over the mission during the window when it was operational.

Crew EVA Link Expansion

Brad and Peter are the software and hardware leads, respectively, on Crew EVA Link, and Kent is the creator of the concept. We spent three years developing this system to track the safety and data of MDRS crews, and it went live as an operational system last year. By having all three of us at the hab to test it as analog astronauts, we gained a lot of insight into the pain points and successes of the system in unexpected ways. Brad discovered how difficult it was with the base system to send and receive messages from the field in the current form. We set up a new relay tracker on a hilltop to cover areas north and slightly east of the hab and were able to troubleshoot issues with it in days that would have taken weeks remotely. We now have what we need to roadmap the next year of development to further improve the system.

Brad also extended the system with a system that can link the voice communications to Discord when requested. Experiments linking HAM and other advanced systems produced mixed results, but were promising.

RC Rover Testing

Kent won a NASA design competition last year to design a rover for the steep craters at the Lunar South Pole. While that design used six methods to keep the rovers from tumbling into the dark abyss, three of those methods were possible to test using 1:10 scale toy remote control tanks modified to link together, have outrigger stabilizers, and record data using cell phone gyroscope logging software. Over three tests, the rovers were reconfigured in different ways to expand the data set. All rovers survived and the data is better than expected. The core principles of using them in a “land train” to compensate for slippage on one unit and instantly tow or push it back to steady ground were validated, as were the outriggers to avoid flips. That said, the conditions were so dry that the top 5 cm of soil was instantly crumbling and avalanching down the hillside when disturbed by the tank treads, which was a problem since the ground clearance on 1:10 scale rovers was less than 2 cm. So they rarely reached the 25-degree success criteria planned because they were simply too small. The experiment is considered a success because the rovers survived desert conditions, the data was logged, and the limits of nature and scale were added to the solution space in a more realistic way than originally envisioned. The R/C rovers will be tested in tamer conditions this Spring with an inclined wall panel to get “lab” baseline data and compared with the field data. A follow-up study with larger rovers can be designed. Ironically, the size and weight limits of the University Rover Challenge would be ideal for such a test at MDRS, if the teams want to make “land trains” of rovers of compatible heights and log their results after a URC competition, I’m certainly willing to help design that follow-on experiment.

Balloon Experiments

Kent has a business model involving clear plastic radiation recorders – sort of like a permanent cloud chamber, for recording cosmic ray doses en route to and from Mars. When originally envisioned seven years ago this was purely theoretical, but through his work with the Inspired 24 Innovation team he found several scientists working on a thin plastic film that can record radiation if “developed” (like photographic film) with an lye solution. While not ideal, it’s close enough for further work. While 100 percent purity is ideal, the samples were not secured in time so 75 percent off the shelf panels were brought to MDRS. The idea was to launch them on a fast weather balloon to receive primary cosmic rays briefly and then return. Since the crew were driving in five different directions after departure, this permitted whoever was closest to be the “chase crew” for the payload. This would also use Meshtastic (the system used for Crew EVA Link) as a balloon tracker. Weather never cooperated long enough for this launch, so the materials and plan will be transferred from Kent to Cody to try to find an opportunity shot off his remote ranch, and possibly make it a YouTube show topic. If the experiment works with off the shelf 75 percent materials, this has dramatic benefits for STEM education since any school or club could effectively “sample” exploding stars directly via weather balloons rather than simply launch toys and cameras.

While that experiment was on hold, an accidental experiment caused much excitement. Peter had a smaller balloon holding an unprotected SenseCap Meshtastic device to use as a relay for our long-range EVA test. The line anchoring this balloon 30 meters up snapped and sent the credit-card sized radio tracker with GPS on a journey we could track on our Crew EVA Link display. Our last signal was from north of Parachute, Colorado. It was 166 miles away, with the tracker moving at 217 miles per hour at 34,616 feet of altitude. Since it was unprotected (never intended to be more than a few feet above the ground), the uninsulated battery probably froze out at 86 percent battery life, or we simply lost it over the horizon from our most distant tracker. Since it was on Meshtastic, which is a global relay network, there were stations in close proximity that could have bounced the signal further back to us had it continued another 50 miles. It’s also possible the balloon simply popped and that speed was the descent into a mountain north of town. Ironically, Kent stayed in Parachute on the road trip to MDRS and had a picture of that mountain from a few days earlier.

Soil Sampling

Kent and Cody each had separate soil sample experiments that were performed in concert on a single EVA just as a rainstorm hit. Kent wanted test tube samples of each color change in the layers of soil near the hab, with GPS coordinates of each sample site, for later analysis. Cody wanted a dry soil sample to desiccate out for his science education videos. Both managed to “speed run” this collection and even get some good photos as the rain moved in. Matthias was also indispensable as a second set of hands to make the sample collections literally ten times faster than otherwise possible.

Advanced Photo Surveys

Peter brought in advanced 360 cameras with 60-megapixel sensors and photographed the outpost structures in detail. Such photo surveys are great for identifying maintenance issues early and documenting the state of the facility. Kent and Brad also did Quest 3 Hyperscape surveys of the hab upstairs, greenhab, and science dome to give a photorealistic VR experience.

Repairs and Upgrades

Matthias and Anderson spent several hours working on the toilet holding tank Friday to prepare it for the next two missions prior to the next work party. This operation was successful, and some upgrades are planned for that party to avoid future problems.

Peter tested several Toughbook laptops that contain hardware that can connect to Crew EVA Link while being operated in EVA. This will enable crews to collect field data while in the field. We also tested a mount for the side-by-side rovers that would be installed in the passenger side. We have enough data now to design and build permanent solutions that can be donated later to MDRS. We also tested a permanent mount so that each rover can be tracked and function as a relay on the Crew EVA Link network.

Other Notes – Fossils of Past Civilization

On the hike to set up the repeater north of the hab, we discovered a boom box, typewriter in the case, and VCR shoved under boulders deep in the desert. Matthias decided to restore the typewriter as a project. After our middle-aged crew found all these artifacts from the 1990’s, we have met the dinosaurs, and they are us. 🙂

Overall this was a very successful if brief mission and we are very happy with the results.

Kent Nebergall, Commander, MDRS Crew 329

Mars Desert Research Station
Mission Summary
Crew 326 – Gaia
Dec 28th, 2025 – Jan 10th, 2026

Crew Members:
Commander Keegan Chavez
Crew Scientist: Benjamin Huber
Crew Engineer: Idris Stevenson
Health and Safety Officer: Katharina Guth
Green Hab Officer: Vindhya Ganti
Crew Journalist: Daria Bardus
Crew Biologist: Armand Destin

Mission Narrative:
The first few days in sim went as expected. The first EVA for every crew member is mainly to get experience with the EVA suits, radio communications and general operating procedures. Multiple crew members had to be reminded that taking your gloves off on Mars would not end well, but it was better to learn the lesson early. The next two days saw the EVA intensity increase with longer EVA and more demanding hikes, the crew getting a better idea of how long EVA prep time would take and the pace they could work at on EVA. The overall picture of the mission was starting to take shape, and just in time for a New Year’s Eve celebration. Cake, champagne, and party favors were shared as the crew had a special comms window to watch the ball drop. They were all now looking forward to the new year and the rest of the mission.

Sol 4 saw the start of some tumultuous days for the crew. The initial procedures outlined to test the RF signal strength were deemed too dangerous for crew operations as they interfered with the EVA team’s ability to communicate with CAPCOM. Tests for this project had to be postponed until procedures could be updated. The next two days saw poor weather conditions that cancelled a few EVAs and pushed research back, while one EVA for the rover had to be cut short due to poor terrain conditions. These days had a few silver linings: defining a proper procedure for RF mapping on EVAs, the first GreenHab harvest of the mission, crew showers, and the start of a series of Terraforming Mars games. The crew had seen many delays at this point but were resolved to maintain high spirits and find ways to make progress towards mission objectives regardless.
Sol 7 was seen as a turning point for the mission. While weather delayed the EVA for the day, the full EVA was able to be completed with all scientific objectives completed. The crew even had time to summit Phobos Peak for some excellent scenery and photos. The crew left for EVA 9 on Sol 8, but the weather worsened as they approached the operating region and the EVA had to be recalled, there were already plans made to return to the same region so data could still be collected. At this point, the orange drink mix had become a staple of our diet, and our crew engineer found a way to turn it into an orange chicken sauce that was easily the best meal of the mission.

From there, it was a standard couple of days to close out the mission. The crew could prepare for EVAs in less than 30 minutes, and we had become accustomed to extended EVA times. The crew could even handle up to three projects at once on an EVA, allowing us to catch up on any data collection that had been missing due to previous days’ weather delays. Highlights of the last few days included a movie night with an assortment of candies and fried foods on Sol 10 and the commander completing his 5-0 unbeaten streak of Terraforming Mars on Sol 11. With the completion of EVA 13, the crew had finished data collection for all research projects and had clearly shown improvements in the daily routine of EVA prepping, report writing, and maintaining a physically and mentally fit self.

EVA Summary
EVA 01:
Crew Scientist, Crew Engineering, Crew Journalist, and Crew Biologist took rovers to Marble Ritual site with the objective of practicing EVA prepping, rover operations, radio communications, and general EVA procedure. Objective was accomplished.

EVA 02
Crew Commander, Health and Safety Officer, and GreenHab Officer took rovers to Marble Ritual site with the objective of practicing EVA prepping, rover operations, radio communications, and general EVA procedure. Objective was accomplished.

EVA 03
Crew Scientist, Crew Journalist, and Crew Biologist went on foot to Hab Ridge with the objective of acquiring a sample for the crew scientist’s brick making project. The crew did not make it as far as initially expected on foot but were still able to acquire a sample and return within the mission time. Further EVA times were adjusted based on this. Objective was accomplished.

EVA 04
Health and Safety Officer, Crew Engineer, and Green Hab Officer took rovers to Kissing Camel Ridge with the objectives of placing an environment sensor and taking images of the ridges. All objectives were accomplished.

EVA 05
Health and Safety Officer, Crew Biologist, and Crew Engineer left on foot towards Skyline Ridge with the objectives of placing an environmental sensor, taking images of the ridge, and collecting RF signal power data. Procedures for RF mapping were deemed too dangerous to EVA operations and data collection was postponed. Other objectives were accomplished.

EVA 06
Health and Safety Officer, GreenHab Officer, and Crew Journalist stayed at the Hab with the objective of testing new RF mapping procedures and testing the rover functionality. Poor terrain from recent weather caused the rover team to be unable to perform testing. Other objectives were accomplished.

EVA 07
Crew Commander, GreenHab Officer, and Crew Journalist stayed at the Hab with the objective of testing the rover functionality. Objective was accomplished.

EVA 08
Crew Scientist, Health and Safety Officer, Crew Engineer, and Crew Biologist took rovers to Phobos Peak with the objectives of gathering a sample for brick making and gathering RF signal power data. All objectives were accomplished.

EVA 09
Crew Commander, GreenHab Officer, and Crew Journalist took rovers to White Rock Canyon with the objective of testing the rover functionality. Weather conditions forced the crew to return before data could be collected.

EVA 10
Crew Scientist, Health and Safety Officer, and Crew Biologist took rovers to Candor Chasma with the objective of gathering a sample for brick making and gathering RF signal power data. All objectives were accomplished.

EVA 11
Health and Safety Officer, GreenHab Officer, and Crew Journalist took rovers to Kissing Camel with the objectives of retrieving the environmental sensor, testing the rover functionality and gathering RF signal power data. All objectives were accomplished.

EVA 12
Crew Commander, Crew Scientist, and Crew Engineer left on foot to the Amazonis Planitia with the objective of retrieving the environmental sensor. Objective was accomplished.

EVA 13
Health and Safety Officer, Crew Engineer, Crew Journalist, and Crew Biologist took rovers to White Rock Canyon with the objectives of testing the rover functionality, gathering RF signal power data, and retrieving the two Hab environmental sensors upon return. All objectives were accomplished.

Research Milestones and Outcomes
1.
Title: Autonomous Mars Rover for Geological Sample Collection
Author(s): Vindhya Ganti
Objectives: Train an image-based navigation system on local landmarks to allow a rover to navigate autonomously
Milestones:

• Images for training gathered on EVA 04 and EVA 05
• Imaging software successfully discerns location on Sol 6

Outcome: Imaging software has been proven in lab testing, it is ready to be integrated onto rover platform

2.
Title: Dust Storm Detection
Author(s): Idris Stevenson
Objectives: Install environmental sensors to give crews early warnings on incoming dust storms and other hazardous weather
Milestones:

• Placed sensors on EVA 04, EVA 05, and EVA 07
• Retrieve sensors on EVA 11, EVA 12, and EVA 13

Outcome: Sensors were able to acquire data over a time span of 6-7 days and through a variety of weather and environmental conditions, data has been retrieved from on board memory and is ready to be analyzed

3.
Title: Utilization of In-Situ Materials for Construction
Author(s): Benjamin Huber
Objectives: Gather materials from the surface of Mars to make bricks for construction and testing the strength of those bricks
Milestones:

• Sample 01 collected on EVA 03
• Brick made from sample 01 on Sol 03 and Sol 05
• Sample 02 collected on EVA 08
• Brick made from sample 02 on Sol 08
• Sample 03 collected on EVA 10

Outcome: Multiple samples were collected from a variety of geological sites, and bricks were made from 2 of the 3 samples, all bricks made were stress tested, 1 final brick is planned to be made and tested upon return home before conclusion can be drawn.

4.
Title: Terrain-Dependent RF Signal Propagation Mapping
Author(s): Katharina Guth
Objectives: Begin to create an RF signal strength map of the area surrounding the Hab
Milestones:

• Finalized procedure on EVA 06
• Mapped data from area around Hab on Sol 06
• Gather RF mapping data on EVA 08, EVA 10, EVA 11, EVA 13

Outcome: Gathered significant data in multiple regions of MDRS, successful map a portion of data, planning to map the rest of the data and finalize conclusions post mission

5.
Title: Crew-Centric Interface for Performance Optimization at MDRS
Author(s): Armand Destin
Objectives: Develop a platform to allow teams to perform risk assessment in an efficient and effective manner
Milestone:

• Collected data on crew decision making risk assessment on EVA 03, EVA 05, EVA 08, EVA 10, and EVA 13

Outcome: A platform will be developed using data collected on mission, pending IRB approval and subsequent consent forms

6.
Title: Autonomous Mars Rover for Geological Sample Collection
Author(s): Daria Bardus
Milestones:

• Demonstrated basic rover functionality in Hab on Sol 03
• First successful sample collected using rover on EVA 07
• Success sample collections using rover on EVA 11 and EVA 13

Outcomes: Rover was able to successfully acquire terrain samples in multiple terrains, improvements for remote sample collection will be detailed for future crews

Overall Mission Outcomes:
All crew members gathered significant data for the respective research projects to consider their projects a success. Many crew members plan to finish data analysis post mission and submit papers for review to numerous journals covering research in extreme environments.

The crew become very accustomed to the daily routine of living in and maintaining an isolated station. EVA prepping and daily report writing became more efficient, even as crews continued to stay on top of chores and research. Crew were able maintain a healthy balance of work and relaxation throughout the mission, keeping overall wear and stress to a minimum.

Even with many delays due to weather, lack of resources and equipment, and unfamiliarity with the location, the crew was able to find creative ways to continue making progress towards all mission objectives. Overall, the mission was a success for Crew 326 – Gaia.

Mars Desert Research Station

Mission Summary

Crew 325 – Aether

Dec 15th, 2025 – Dec 27th, 2025

Crew Members:

Commander and Crew Astronomer: Dr. Cesare Guariniello

Crew Scientist: Ellenah del Rio

Crew Engineer: Morgan McCoy

Health and Safety Officer: Isabella Levine

Green Hab Officer: Adrianna Waterford

Crew Journalist: Saranya Ravva

Acknowledgements:

The entire Crew of MDRS 325 would like to express their gratitude to the many people who made this mission possible: our deepest thanks to Dr. Robert Zubrin, President of the Mars Society; Ben Stanley, On-Site Manager, and Sergii Yakimov, MDRS Director, who assisted us in-situ and helped us troubleshooting the little problems we encountered; Dr. Shannon Rupert, Director Emeritus, whose past advices still supports our crews; James Burk, Executive Director; Peter Detterline, Director of Observatories, who trained and assisted our Crew Astronomer before and during the mission; Michael Stoltz, The Mars Society Liaison, Media and Public Relations; Scott Davis, EVA Suits Support, Russ Nelson, Disaster and Emergency Management, and Ben Greaves, Greenhab coordinator; Purdue faculty, departments, and organizations who helped us throughout the year; external sponsors, family, and friends who supported this mission; and all the unnamed people who work behind the scene to make this effort possible, and who gave us a chance to be an active part of the effort towards human exploration of Mars.

Mission description and outcome:

MDRS 325 “Aether”, twin of mission 326 “Gaia”, is the tenth all-Purdue crew at MDRS. The mission was characterized by very high research quality, great weather, good mood, and an overall smooth and pleasant time for the crew members. The diverse crew, including four women and two men, representing five countries and various departments at Purdue, is comprised of undergraduate students, Master’s students, PhD candidates, and professional staff, accurately represented Purdue’s honored tradition in the field of space exploration.

Crew 325 developed and implemented multiple research projects, with particular emphasis on infrastructural and operational needs of Martian settlements, and on physiological and biological factors. In addition, the crew conducted research projects in horticulture and geology, as well as astronomical observations. Various projects required Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVA), which covered all areas of MDRS and in the amount and quality of samples and scientific data collected. Furthermore, the crew was the subject of psychological research on the dynamics and behavior of individuals in isolation in harsh environments.

The crew is planning to continue working on the data collected during this mission, to support the twin mission “Gaia” and to participate in various outreach events, in order to spread awareness about MDRS missions and to foster awareness and passion for space exploration.

Figure 1. MDRS 325 Crew posing in the lower deck of MDRS habitat. Left to right: Crew Engineer Morgan McCoy, Commander Cesare Guariniello, Crew Journalist Saranya Ravva, Health and Safety Officer Isabella Levine, Crew Scientist Ellenah Del Rio, and Greenhab Officer Adrianna Waterford.

As commander, I am personally very proud of this crew, which trained together for a long time between the time of selection and the period of the mission and was capable to keep a high level of fidelity and realism (including only two short communication windows per day, strict safety and simulation protocols, and hard work), and to successfully mix professional research and light-hearted moments of life in common in a shared environment. At Purdue, these applicants passed a rigorous three-phase internal selection process, followed by training on all the MDRS procedures and operations, research implementation, fundraising, and team-bonding activities. During the mission, the crew properly followed safety and research protocols, performed as a tight group, and learned about themselves and their skills and limitations as analog astronauts and aspiring astronauts. The pace kept throughout the mission was a combination of long, fruitful, and professionally conducted EVAs, work in the laboratory, in the RAM, and in the Greenhab and slower-tempo personal and communal time in the habitat.

Summary of Extra Vehicular Activities (EVA)

After being trained in the use of rovers and in the safety protocols for EVA, the crew had ten excursions during rotation 325, two of which being the traditional short EVAs to Marble Ritual. The remaining EVAs were medium to long excursion, where the crew greatly maximized time usage, especially the time spent walking and performing field activities, which was in average 85% of the total EVA time. The EVAs reached areas in the Mancos Shale (Skyline Rim), Morrison Formation (Kissing Camel Ridge and Barainca Butte), Dakota Sandstone (Candor Chasma), and looked into the Somerville Formation (Somerville Overlook). The EVAs served multiple research projects that focused on operations and infrastructure, as well as providing opportunity for geological sample collection and gathering of Garmin data on performance during EVAs.

Table 1. Summary of EVA, indicating Sol of execution, total duration and distance covered, time and distance spent walking and performing activities, and time percentage spent in activities outside driving.

EVA

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Total

Sol

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Walking and activity time (h:mm)

1:14

0:58

1:25

2:58

3:11

2:56

2:16

3:06

2:41

1:29

2:57

1:25

26:38

Total time (h:mm)

1:19

1:04

1:42

3:43

3:50

3:30

2:46

3:44

2:41

2:10

3:32

1:25

31:26

Walking distance (km [miles])

1.0 [0.6]

1.2 [0.7]

1.1 [0.7]

4.9 [3.0]

2.4 [1.5]

5.2 [3.2]

2.8 [1.7]

3.9 [2.4]

8.0 [5.0]

2.5 [1.6]

8.7 [5.4]

3.6 [2.2]

45.3 [28.2]

Total distance (km [miles])

2.1 [1.3]

2.2 [1.4]

4.3 [2.7]

12.9 [8.0]

11.3 [7.0]

13.2 [8.2]

11.8 [7.3]

16.9 [10.5]

8.0 [5.0]

14.4 [8.9]

16.9 [10.5]

3.6 [2.2]

117.6 [73.1]

% not driving time

94%

91%

83%

80%

83%

84%

82%

83%

100%

68%

83%

100%

85%

Figure 2. Satellite 2D (left) and 3D (right) maps of the EVAs performed by MDRS 325 crew.

Summary of GreenHab Activities

Crew GreenHab Officer: Adrianna Waterford

The GreenHab operated well and was well-maintained throughout the mission, providing fresh produce, herbs, and a valuable space for crew wellbeing. Lettuce, basil, dill, and a variety of other herbs grew successfully and are well-established for the following crew. Microgreen beds were planted specifically for Crew 326 to ensure continued harvest availability early in their rotation.

The sunflower plants experienced an unexpected stress event around Sol 5 and appeared to be dying back; however, by Sol 9, four new buds emerged from the main stems and developed into new flowers. This regrowth highlighted the resilience of certain crops even after visible failure and provided useful insight into plant recovery in a controlled, resource-limited environment.

In addition to soil-based cultivation, a small hydroponic system was set up to grow microgreens. The system performed better than expected in terms of water efficiency, using significantly less water than anticipated. However, power consumption was higher than is practical for a Mars analog environment, making the current configuration unsuitable for long-term use. A proposed next phase of this experiment would involve integrating an automated power switch for the pump and grow lights, powered by a dedicated solar panel, to reduce overall energy demand and better simulate sustainable off-world agriculture.

Overall, the GreenHab provided consistent fresh food, supported future crews, and served as a calming and restorative space for the crew during the mission.

Research Projects:

Title: Photovoltaic Measurements and Dust Removal Techniques for Sustained Martian Power Generation

Author: Ellenah del Rio

Description, activities, and results: This project evaluated how terrain elevation and panel angle influence photovoltaic (PV) output in a Mars-analogue field environment, while also assessing practical, low-resource dust/handling mitigation approaches for keeping power generation reliable during EVAs. The system was designed around an Arduino-based logger to collect repeatable voltage-proxy measurements from two fixed panel orientations (25° and 45°) along with a light reference channel, enabling offline operation during limited connectivity and constrained mission resources.

During the mission, the experiment required iterative hardware and software refinement to function reliably in the field. Early runs were limited by intermittent disconnections, inconsistent logging completion, and SD initialisation failures that were addressed through improved offline workflow, reformatting/partitioning to a FAT32-compatible configuration, and repeated validation runs until 30/30 logs could be captured in one EVA session. Field deployment also highlighted mechanical vulnerabilities (panel mounting failure and loose wiring), reinforcing that sustained PV research on Mars depends as much on ruggedisation and repeatability as it does on raw sensor accuracy.

The dataset collected across multiple sites and elevations (including Kissing Camel Ridge and additional runs up to ~1405 m) shows a strong location/elevation dependence in measured output, with notable run-to-run variation even at the same fixed angles. A key operational finding was that higher-elevation trials produced markedly different behaviour than lower-elevation trials, and the experiment notes suggest that maximum output may occur at a flatter angle (≈25°) than the two angles tested in these logged datasets. This supports the need for a broader angle sweep and time-of-day coverage: single snapshots can be misleading because solar incidence changes continuously, and the “best” fixed angle likely shifts throughout the sol.

Dust removal and sustained operation considerations emerged primarily from field handling and durability constraints rather than from a dedicated cleaning apparatus. The mission experience indicates that the most immediate threats to sustained power were: (1) mechanical instability (panel detaching/breaking), (2) connection integrity (a wire detaching but temporarily working when physically held in place), and (3) transport/housing limitations during steep EVA traverses. These issues directly inform practical dust-mitigation strategy selection: any cleaning method that adds complexity, mass, or fragile components risks reducing overall reliability. For this mission configuration, the most defensible approach is a simple, low-failure cleaning protocol (gentle brushing/wiping paired with improved enclosure and strain relief) plus operational controls (protective stowage during movement, minimising exposed adhesive surfaces, and standardising setup steps to prevent accidental contamination or damage).

The results and lessons learned indicate that a mission-ready PV optimisation workflow should prioritise (1) an all-day logging schedule to capture sun-angle effects, (2) testing ≥5 panel angles (including the flatter range suggested by field observations), and (3) a more robust reference strategy for illumination (e.g., maintaining one sensor in a controlled-light position to better interpret changes in the exposed sensor, as suggested in mission notes). Collectively, these improvements would convert the current proof-of-concept into a repeatable field protocol capable of supporting long-duration analogue operations—and, by extension, informing sustained Martian power generation strategies where dust, logistics, and ruggedisation dominate real-world performance.

Title: Assessing the Establishment of Telecommunications Hardware under Environmental Requirements (AETHER)

Author(s): Morgan McCoy

Description, activities, and results: Three trenches, each 5 meters long and with a minimum depth of 15 cm deep were dug, timed, and filled. Two trenches were dug in loose dirt, and it took 8.5 minutes to dig when unfatigued and 12.5 minutes while fatigued from a hike. In hard, rocky soil, it took 32 minutes to dig when unfatigued. When installing the prefabricated cables, it took just over 2 minutes to install and test, regardless of fatigue level. In the habitat, the prefabricated wire took 17.5 minutes and 13 minutes to create. In the field, It took 46 minutes and 20.5 minutes when fatigued and 36.75 minutes and 20 minutes when unfatigued. In all cases, the first terminal took the longest to create and all subsequent terminals were created faster. In field-testing, this is attributed to insufficient free wire length to effectively manipulate with gloves, necessitating additional removal of the outer insulation. These results demonstrate that it is possible to create telecommunication lines during extravehicular activities. With training and practice, such tasks can be performed efficiently in a sufficient time.

Figure 5. Crew Engineer Morgan McCoy (left) splices an ethernet cable to RJ45 connectors, after having dug a 5m-long, 15cm-deep trench with the help of Commander Cesare Guariniello (right). Will astronauts on Mars be able to manually setup or repair a communication infrastructure when necessary, and how can we address the difficulties of such operations?

Title: Non-Contact Thermal Imaging for Structural Health of Martian Habitats

Author(s): Saranya Ravva

Description, activities, and results: Description, activities, and results: This project explored the feasibility of using non-contact thermal imaging as a rapid, nondestructive method for assessing the structural health of Martian habitats. Thermal surveys were conducted on the MDRS habitat using 2 different handheld FLIR thermal cameras to image both exterior and interior walls under ambient environmental conditions and do a comaprative analysis on the thermal camera specifications. The objective was to identify temperature anomalies associated with structural discontinuities, material interfaces, or potential insulation defects. Thermal images were collected systematically across selected sections of the habitat, with attention to maintaining consistent imaging distance, viewing angles, and measurement parameters. Visual inspection photographs were taken alongside thermal data to support interpretation. The thermal imagery revealed localized temperature variations along seams, joints, and surface irregularities that were not readily apparent in visible-light images alone. In several locations, linear thermal contrasts aligned with visible cracks or material transitions, indicating potential pathways for heat loss or structural weakness. These observations demonstrate the potential of thermal imaging as a rapid screening tool for habitat health monitoring in planetary analog environments. The study establishes a baseline workflow for non-contact structural assessment that can be expanded with repeat measurements, environmental corrections, and long-term monitoring, supporting safer and more sustainable extraterrestrial habitat operations.

Figure 6. Left: Thermal image of the MDRS habitat; Right: Thermal image showing structural discontinuities on the habitat.

Title: Simulated Microgravity Germination: A Proof-of-Concept for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS)

Author(s): Saranya Ravva

Description, activities, and results: This project investigated the effects of simulated “microgravity” on seed germination and early plant development as a proof-of-concept for bioregenerative life support systems in future planetary habitats. Petri dishes were prepared with agar-agar growth media and cress seeds, which were then subjected to two conditions: standard vertical gravity (control) and simulated reduced gravity using a Random Positioning Machine (RPM). The RPM continuously reoriented the samples to randomize the gravity vector, mimicking aspects of a reduced-gravity environment. Seed germination was monitored daily through visual inspection and photographic documentation. Control samples exhibited expected gravitropic behavior, with roots consistently growing downward and shoots upward. In contrast, seeds grown under simulated reduced gravity showed altered growth patterns, including curved, misaligned, or less directionally consistent root and shoot development. While germination rates were comparable between conditions, the morphology and orientation of growth differed noticeably. These results demonstrate that even short-duration simulated reduced gravity can influence early plant development, highlighting the importance of understanding plant behavior in non-Earth gravity environments. The experiment serves as a foundational step toward designing robust plant-based life support systems for long-duration space missions and provides a protocol that can be extended by future MDRS crews.

Figure 7. Left: Crew Journalist Saranya Ravva prepares Petri dishes with seeds. Center: seeds that grew with regular vertical gravity (pointing down). Right: seeds that grew in simulated reduced gravity.

Title: Aerospace Evaluation of Training, Health, and Environmental Readiness (AETHER)

Author(s): Adrianna Waterford

Figure 8. Sample data of 4 metrics collected during the analog mission

Description, activities, and results: AETHER generated a comprehensive, mission-length dataset integrating cardiovascular, autonomic, respiratory, sleep, activity, thermal, and subjective measures to characterize daily crew state in an isolated, confined environment. Metrics collected included heart rate, beat-to-beat intervals, heart rate variability (summary and raw), respiration during wake and sleep, sleep stages, nocturnal oxygen saturation, actigraphy, step counts, activity epochs, and daily activity summaries, alongside skin and device temperature and structured daily self-reports.

The value of this dataset lies in its suitability for machine-learning analysis of interacting physiological systems rather than isolated metrics. The combination of high-resolution time-series data with daily summaries enables modeling of workload transitions, fatigue accumulation, recovery efficiency, circadian disruption, and behavioral adaptation across the mission timeline. These data support approaches such as multivariate trend analysis, anomaly detection, clustering of physiological states, and short-term forecasting of readiness.

The primary objective moving forward is to develop AETHER into a software platform capable of autonomously ingesting wearable and questionnaire data and producing daily, interpretable reports for analog missions. By learning individual baselines and temporal patterns, the system is intended to surface meaningful deviations, cumulative strain, and recovery deficits without requiring manual data review. This approach prioritizes operational usability while preserving analytical depth.

The MDRS dataset serves as an initial training and validation corpus for AETHER. Continued development and beta testing are planned during extended deployments at Rothera Research Station in Antarctica, where longer mission durations will allow refinement of temporal modeling, robustness across environments, and validation of machine-learning outputs for sustained analog operations.

Title: Autonomous Hydroponic Resource Optimization System

Author(s): Adrianna Waterford

Description, activities, and results: This project evaluated the feasibility of a small-scale autonomous hydroponic system for microgreen production in a Mars analog environment, with emphasis on water efficiency, power demand, and operational sustainability. The system was deployed within the GreenHab and configured to support early-stage microgreen growth under continuous crew habitation constraints.

During the mission, the hydroponic system was assembled, operated, and monitored for water usage and power consumption. The system demonstrated high water efficiency, consuming substantially less water than anticipated when compared to soil-based microgreen cultivation. Plant growth was healthy and consistent throughout operation, indicating that hydroponic microgreen production is viable from a biological standpoint in an isolated environment.

However, electrical power demand for the circulation pump and grow lights was observed to be disproportionately high relative to the agricultural output. This level of energy consumption renders the current configuration impractical for long-duration Mars missions, where power availability is tightly constrained.

The results suggest that while hydroponics offers clear advantages in water conservation, energy optimization is the critical limiting factor. A recommended next phase of this work is the development of an autonomous power management architecture, incorporating timed pump and lighting cycles and a dedicated solar power source. Such a system would reduce continuous power draw and more accurately reflect sustainable off-world food production strategies.

Title: Remote sensing for ISRU

Author(s): Cesare Guariniello

Description, activities, and results: This is a continuing project, on the use of remote sensing for the evaluation of geotechnical properties (in particular, water content and bulk size) of material for potential In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) for construction. With the help of the crew, I collected samples of clay rocks at Compass Rock, Somerville Outlook, Barainca Butte, and samples of shales and Skyline Ridge. These samples will be processed once back to Purdue. Outside the project, I also collected basalt samples from the southern region of MDRS, as well as Gryphaea fossils.

Figure 9. Commander Cesare Guariniello working in the field to collect geological samples.

Title: Integrated Assessment of Physiological Stress and Cognitive Performance in Analog Astronauts: Correlating Salivary pH Levels with CO2 Exposure

Author(s): Isabella Levine

Description, activities, and results: This project investigated the relationship between environmental stressors and human physiological and cognitive responses during an analogue astronaut mission at the Mars Desert Research Station. Over a 10-day period, continuous CO2 concentrations were recorded using multiple sensors placed throughout the habitat to capture environmental exposure trends. Salivary pH samples were collected daily from crew members as a non-invasive physiological stress marker, alongside daily behavioural assessments consisting of short, standardized four-question cognitive tests. These datasets are currently being integrated to examine correlations between CO2 exposure, physiological stress, and changes in behaviour under isolated and confined conditions. The analysis aims to better understand how habitat environmental factors influence astronaut health and performance during long-duration missions.

Title: Microbial Burden and Contamination Risk on High-Contact Surfaces in the MDRS Habitat

Author(s): Isabella Levine

Description, activities, and Results: This study assessed microbial contamination on high-contact surfaces within the MDRS habitat, with a focus on contamination risk in shared living and food preparation areas. Surface swabs were collected from the kitchen table and cultured using agar plates at multiple dilution levels (10⁻², 10⁻³, and undiluted controls) to quantify bacterial growth and assess colony density. Results indicated notable microbial presence, highlighting the importance of improved cleaning protocols, aseptic techniques, and routine surface monitoring in confined environments. Based on observed growth patterns and colony morphology, future iterations of this work will prioritize liquid culture methods over dry plating to improve quantification accuracy and reproducibility. This project informs contamination control strategies relevant to analog habitats and long-duration space missions.

Figure 10. Health and Safety Officer Isabella Levine prepares cultures of bacteria in agar-agar. The bacteria are from swabs collected in various locations in the habitat.

Title: Photo astronomy with the MDRS WF and Solar Observatory outreach

Author(s): Cesare Guariniello

Description, activities, and Results: The mission began with two days of servicing the robotic telescope dome at MDRS. Following these operations, the few clear nights during this mission were used to image M31 (Andromeda Galaxy), Horsehead Nebula and Flaming Nebula, Rosette Nebula, and Triangulum Galaxy. The solar observatory was never used due to hazy or cloudy atmosphere during the day, and the dome was only operated once, to check its functionality.

Figure 11. Rosette Nebula, a star-forming region about 5000 lightyears away from Mars. Image from 350 raw captures in red, green, blue, luminosity, and H-alpha with the MDRS-WF telescope.

Communal life at MDRS

Part of the work of analog astronauts is related to experiencing and studying life in isolation in extreme environments, as well as communal life in restricted spaces for extended period of times. Crew 325 spent a relatively short time in these conditions, 12 sols, but practiced activities and techniques that can help with potentially difficult and even dangerous situations that can arise in such conditions. The photos below show part of the experience in an analog mission at MDRS.

Figure 12. Sample of food from Crew 325 – Aether. Pancakes, freshly baked bread, soups, mac&cheese, pizza, baked ziti, panettone.

Figure 13. Moments of relaxed habitat life: writing and reading Christmas cards, exchanging gifts, coloring books, and enjoying cozy movie nights (The Martian, of course).

Mars Desert Research Station Crew 325 – Aether

Ad Astra

Mission Summary

Mission: 315 (Phoenix)

Dates: April 20 – May 3, 2025

Author: David Laude (Commander)

Being a Mars Society crew, we had nearly no previous knowledge of one another, making for an unknown compatibility outcome. As the Zoom meetings progressed it became apparent that this crew could work together in harmony and become friends along the way. Over the course of months, the crew was informed, guided, and educated by the experienced Commander. In the end, with the crew’s diligent work, everything paid off in the form of a fully successful and pleasant mission for all.

The crew is composed of Crew Engineer Michael Andrews, who works in aerospace logistics and is a veteran of the Mars Arctic Research Station; Health and Safety Officer Urban Koi, who is a Space Systems Engineer and student of Space Medicine, and while at the MDRS received a grant from NASA for a project where she is PI; Crew Artist Tim Gagnon, who designed many of the patches for Space Shuttle crews; Senior Editor Elena Saavedra Buckley from Harper’s Magazine as our Crew Journalist; and Commander Dave Laude, on his 6th MDRS assignment and who has previously been Engineer, Executive Officer, Journalist, and Commander. Our Crew Journalist will write a lengthy article for Harper’s Magazine about our mission that will be published later this year. We had nine research projects in total to perform.

“Also Sprach Zarathustra” ("Thus Spoke Zarathustra") by Richard Strauss in the late 19th century and made famous by the 1968 movie “2001: A Space Odyssey,” was the first music piece heard while awaiting depressurization in the airlock when the mission commenced shortly after noon on April 21st. Our Journalist was the first of us to set foot on this dusty red globe making its way around an orbit not the least affected by our meager presence on this world. Other music pieces were played on subsequent EVAs, helping to pass the 5 minute air lock time intervals. With no sound those 5 minutes seemed like 20.

Since most crew members had never traversed the analog Martian regolith before, it was especially important to familiarize themselves with the procedures of the MDRS Campus. During the beginning of the mission, the crew became acquainted with the expected duties of their roles, way around the campus, use of radios, and operation of the EVA suits and rovers.

The Phoenix Crew quickly became accustomed to their Martian home, as the sols gradually became more habitual and routine. Mornings started with coffee, breakfast, and then the 8:00 AM daily planning meeting. By 9:00-9:30 we had the first EVA of the day started, then lunch, followed by afternoon EVAs. Arrivals to the hab after an EVA were frequently greeted by the smell of baking bread or dinner cooking. We were so fortunate to have three talented chefs who made a variety of great dinners from mostly freeze dried food. The Commander while on Zoom spoke of the great food possibilities with freeze dried, and he even submitted some photos of past meals, but the crew was still pleasantly surprised over the outcomes. The chefs made use of micro-greens, herbs, and cherry tomatoes from the Greenhab.

Here is a list of our interesting and diverse projects by title. For more detail, see the many other mission project reports.

-Methodology for Extending Mobility Range on Mars

-Essay for Harper’s Magazine

-3D Mapping of Samples

-Examining Oyster Mushroom Growth in a Martian Greenhouse Environment

-Evaluating Drone Piloting During EVA on Mars

-Measuring Soil Desiccation Patterns Near the MDRS

-100cameras Method: Photography as a Tool to Mitigate Psychological Stress in Space

-Illustrating a Mars Analog Mission as an artist.

-EVA Connectivity Kit

The entire crew took a special liking to the Commander’s “Methodology for Extending Mobility Range on Mars” project, as the object of the range extension was a massive monolith sitting on a broad flat area. It was extremely unusual in appearance and appeared to change color from black to light colored like its background which tended to hide it. This could at best be seen in the far distance with the naked eye, but the project provided the means to get within about a kilometer of it by drone after driving rovers as far as possible, walking towards it, and then releasing the drone brought by the HSO. The closest photo of the Monolith reminded the Commander of a bird, with wings spread and head held high—perhaps a pose our Phoenix could do and thus was named the Phoenix Monolith. This mysterious object will somehow be a subject of another crew with our Commander.

Some evenings we had a few hours of free time and watched Moonbase 8 mini-series. The Commander brought some historical technological artifacts from the 20th century for a show and tell that included magnetic tapes, punch cards, electron tubes and discrete transistor circuit boards. One night he played his MP3 recording of his “Sunrise from Olympus Mons” opus (music).

As in any remote station, there were maintenance activities that included fixing EVA suits and batteries, dealing with power interruptions, broken tunnel zip ties from wind damage, and more. The engineer made sure that the Hab was functioning nominally by monitoring and emptying the toilet, calculating water levels, and inspecting the station’s facilities in the midst of uncertain power supply.

By any standard the mission was a complete success, if not a great success. CNBC sent a videographer for a special project to be shown on public media regarding human’s readiness for a Mars expedition. Sadly, the mission ended in intense preparation to leave this unique experience and place, completely upsetting and ending sim. A feast at the local Duke’s Slickrock Grill in downtown Hanksville celebrated the success. Fortunately for the Commander, another mission has been approved with him one year from now on Crew 335, and the Crew Engineer will soon be headed back to Flashline for a week of renovation and maintenance.

Crew 314 – Mission Summary – 18Apr2025

Curiosity Brought Us Here, Perseverance Kept Us Going, Opportunity Pushed Us Further, and Spirit Made It Matter

We are seven Belgian students, from Bachelor’s to PhD levels, brought together by inquisitiveness and purpose, each rooted in a different field — medicine, biology, bioengineering, geography, data science, and physical therapy. Over the course of a year, we prepared side by side in Belgium, not just as individuals, but as a crew — the Syrtis Crew, representing Mars UCLouvain.
On April 6th, 2025, we arrived in Utah, eyes wide with wonder and hearts full of anticipation. That evening, under a fading Earth sky, we took our first steps into a new rhythm of time and place — Sol 0. With excitement buzzing in the air, we explored our new Martian home, and by nightfall, the simulation had begun. A journey awaited — not just across red soil and silence, but inward, toward what it truly means to live, learn, and grow together.



Every mission starts with its crew — here is ours.
Béatrice, our commander, is a medical student and a natural-born leader. She was eager to explore every corner of the Red Planet. Most of her time was spent organizing and leading EVAs, and when she wasn’t dreaming of the outdoors, she worked with Arnaud on a health science experiment and kept the crew active through daily exercises — either on the home trainer or strength training inside the Hab.
Arnaud, our Executive Officer, was like the crew’s wise soul. The only one among us who had already been on Mars the year before, he brought calmness and steady presence. He worked closely with Béatrice on their research and also analyzed our sleep and well-being during this unique time.
Antoine, our Crew Engineer, studies geography when he’s not pretending to be an astronaut. Initially quiet, he gradually opened up and became one of the most caring members of the crew. He loved spending time outdoors, as his background suggests, and studied the effects of wind and dust erosion. He also built a creative and original device to conduct his experiment in the Martian landscape.
Batoul, our Crew Journalist, may be the youngest at 22, but her dedication and hard work would make you think otherwise. As a microbiologist, she is both funny and fiercely determined. She spent most of her time in the Science Dome, studying how different bacteria might survive on Mars under stressful conditions like UV-C radiation. She also mastered the art of making bold and delicious pancakes for the crew.
Bérengère, our GreenHab Officer, is a PhD student in bioengineering. She is calm and observant, always offering the kind of small attention that brightens your day. She studied the effect of Martian conditions on fungi—how they grow and replicate—often working side-by-side with Batoul in the Science Dome. She also became our resident baker, delighting us all with incredible homemade bread every morning.
Louis, our Astronomer, is a data science student and a man of many talents. He can cook, sing, and name every rocket launch from the past decade, with a playlist even Spotify would envy. When the sun allowed, he spent his time in the Observatory, capturing the star. He also worked on an experiment about human-machine interaction and taught us all a bit of astronaut coding. Always ready with a joke, Louis was the heart of laughter and joy in the crew.
Odile, the Health and Safety Officer, is a pediatric resident on Earth, though sometimes she forgot the crew wasn’t made of her usual tiny patients. She was thrilled to teach basic life support to the crew and led simulated medical emergencies by day and night, always pushing the team’s limits while supporting them through this deeply human journey. She also tried to capture this experience through her drawings, using pencils and brushes to bridge the distance with Earth, inspired by this landscape echoing ancient times.
We spent our first night on Sol 0, transitioning from Earth’s days to Mars’ longer ones—each day here lasting 39 minutes more. To capture the essence of our mission, we would trace three paths: one of exploration, one of science, and one of humanity.

The Adventurer
Our first steps on the Red Planet were cautious, even a little nervous. We began exploring nearby sites like Marble Ritual, which quickly felt like home. We had to learn how to move, how to communicate in our suits. Each of us was assigned a number—one that matched both our radio and spacesuit—becoming a small but meaningful part of our identity during the mission.
Accompanied by our loyal rovers—Opportunity (wise but slow), Curiosity (young and fast), Perseverance (steadfast in all terrains), and Spirit (never giving up) — we pushed our limits. From the arid Pooh’s Corner and Cowboy Corner, to the shell-covered Sea of Shells (an ancient ocean), then to the majestic Candor Chasma where the sky seems to deepen with each step, we explored further into Martian landscapes.
We reached the Special Region — so hauntingly beautiful that our doctor-artist Odile was inspired to sketch ancient creatures, imagining the fossilized giants that once roamed this land long ago — and finally Green Mars View, where hope flickers like the serpentine river winding below. At each destination, our GreenHab and Journalist Officer reminded us to collect soil samples, and our Engineer installed his equipment to monitor wind and dust, assisted by the MDRS weather station.

The Scientist
Science was at the heart of our mission. Each crew member dedicated long hours to their field experiments (details available in the End-of-Mission Research Report). But our mission was not just about our personal research—it was also about paving the way for future crews and staying connected to our Mission Support Team on Earth.
Each day, we played our roles—Commander, Executive Officer, Engineer, Journalist, GreenHab Officer, Astronomer, Health and Safety Officer — and took responsibility for the functioning of our small Martian society. From monitoring water levels to troubleshooting a pipe leak in the toilet on Sol 3 (yes, bathrooms matter even on Mars), these roles kept us grounded and functional.
Despite the challenges, we sent in daily reports to Earth, capturing our activities and every difficulty we faced—big or small. Most of our time was spent in the Hab, but also in the RAM, Science Dome, GreenHab, and Observatory. Unfortunately, the sun grew shyer as the days went on, limiting our Astronomer’s work. Still, he managed to capture breathtaking images of the stars, encouraged by Peter Detterline, who supported us from Earth.

The Human
Above all, this mission reminded us that we are, first and foremost, human. It was made of highs and lows, of challenges and shared moments. We cooked together (some might say we became gourmet chefs of freeze-dried food), listened to music (occasionally singing, as the Science Dome has magical acoustics), played games (creating rivalries that may last a lifetime), and read stories, wondering if perhaps one day, we might be characters in someone else’s adventure.

Today, our two-week simulation comes to an end. Our feelings are hard to put into words—caught somewhere between excitement and sadness, joy and nostalgia, happiness and bittersweet reflection. This experience will stay with us forever.
As someone once said: It may have been a small step for Martian exploration, but it was a giant leap for all of us.
Thank you, MDRS, for this unforgettable journey.

Crew 311, for ISAE-SUPAERO, spent 4 weeks in the MDRS station, from 16-02-2025 to 15-
03-2025.
The simulation started on Sol 1, when the crew closed the door of the station! Ready and
motivated to perform experiments they prepared for a year; the seven students were very
excited to start the mission.

The first week of the mission started with a lot of work! We concentrated our energy on
building the atmospheric instruments: MegaAres, LOAC, the Field Mill and Cosmic Watch.
Once deployed, on Sol 3 during an EVA, they were able to collect atmospheric data such as
dust particles or electric fields.

We also had a lot of experiments to install, especially Orbital Architecture. For this
experiment, we had to install anchors that allow the researcher to know where every crew
member is in the station. This experiment also collected data such as heart rate or stress
level.
During the first week, everyone familiarized themselves with their own tasks, specific to
their roles. Especially, our GreenHab Officer started to take good care of the GreenHab and
planted the micropouss to study them!
As well as the installation of our lights for the Lattal experiment, we installed our 3D printer,
which was very useful all through the mission!
The first week also started our daily routine, starting at the wake up with the retrieval of a
large set of physiological data: temperature, oximetry, sleep diary, impedance meter, … After
Core Data retrieval, each day started with a sport session organized by our Health and
Safety Officer, which we enjoyed every day very much!
Outreach is a very important part of our mission. We place special importance on this
subject, as sharing our passion and commitment to science and the space field, especially to
younger generations, seems essential in the mission we conduct. For this reason, we had a
lot of different projects with French high schools’ students, such as the micropouss growing
monitoring, or the organization of sport sessions. WE started those activities on the first week
of the mission, but they continued all along the mission, with also some video recordings to
answer students’ sessions.
Week 2 in the station started with the beginning of our main experiment requiring EVAs: the
photogrammetry experiment! The aim is to go to a place with a drone, take pictures with it,
and use them with dedicated software to process them and obtain a 3D map of the area.
After that, a team is preparing the finding of checkpoints with the 2D map and another one

with the 3D map, and we compare their performances. This experiment requires 3 EVAs per
week, which we achieve on the week 2, 3 and 4 of the mission!

The stratigraphy experiment is in collaboration with geologies and requires EVAs during the
mission. Our Crew Astronomer, between 2 solar observations, and our GreenHab Officer
specialized in this subject and helped the geologies by taking pictures and drawing some
areas around the station. It is also during week 2 that we decided to write abstracts to write
papers about different topics of the mission: organization, Core Data, outreach, … We hope
to present them at the IAC!
The beautiful solar observations of our Crew Astronomer led to an even more beautiful video
of the Sun, which incorporated perfectly in the mid-mission video we created. We worked
hard on it, with the aim to represent as best as we could what our mission looks like!
It is also in week 2 that our Crew Engineer and Crew Journalist spent a lot of time
troubleshooting AMAIA, our AI assistant. Some features worked well, but all along the
mission we didn’t manage to make it work perfectly…

But some other experiments worked very well at the beginning of the mission, such as the
HUMANISE experiment in which we teleoperated a rover, located in the Netherland, in direct
from the station!
Every day, we continued to fill out our daily questionnaires, for various experiments. We also
recorded every day, personally, an audio for the EVOLSAN laboratory, which studies our
voices and how to detect stress for example. For this experiment, we also wore a micro for a
whole afternoon, once a week!
At mid-mission, every crew member had an interview with the Crew Commander to recap the
first two weeks of the mission, and to take a fresh start for the second part of the mission!
Week 3 started with the second session of photogrammetry, at Sea of Shells, the further of
the station we’ve ever been! It also marked the beginning of the brainstorming session for the
Orbital Architecture experiment. This experiment aims to study the architecture of space
stations, and how it impacts astronauts’ performances. For this experiment, we wore
biosensors, performed cognitive tests regularly, and had sessions in which we talked about
how to improve the station architecture, regarding our experience of it! We had three
sessions, talking about different modules one by one.

In week three, we also started to create a lot of documentation on our experiments, and
especially our Core Data, the physiological and environmental data we retrieve every day. It
comes with a lot of data handling, for all our experiments.
After the beautiful observations of the Sun during the first two weeks, Crew Astronomer
continued to work on his own astronomy project. He aimed to analyze the trajectories of solar
flares, to link them to coronal mass ejections. He succeeded at the end of the mission to
finish all the work he wanted to do!
Crew Engineer and Crew Scientist started to build the SUPAEROMOON rover. In
in collaboration with another student club of our engineering school, ISAE-SUPAERO, we 3D-
printed all the parts of the rover and tried it on the Martian ground!

At the end of the third week of the mission, a hole in the tunnel system led to an
emergency EVA, in which crew members successfully fixed the hole and saved the station!
We ended the week by eating the micropouss that our GreenHab Officer grew. Radish or
wasabi, we were very happy to taste them, and it was really surprising! It also highlights an
important part of our crew : cohesion! We are a very close group, having a lot of fun together
even if we work a lot. We had time to enjoy life in the station, play games, cook together, and
even had an escape game to save our mascot on the last Sunday of the mission!
The last week of the mission started with the last session of photogrammetry at Kissing
Camel Ridge W. Other crew members defined the checkpoints and flew the drone. It was
interesting to end the experiment this way! Experiments runs continued to happen, such as
Orbital Architecture’s cognitive tests in all modules and the VR teleoperation of the rover for
HUMANISE.
Scientific outreach was still a huge part of our actions, with videos filming and answering
questions.
As the end of the mission approached, it was time to start and uninstall everything, and
especially the atmospheric instruments, during our last EVA on Sol 26. This last Sol was
mostly packing and cleaning everything. The crew remained very happy with the mission in the
station, from all points of view: human, scientific, … Now that the mission is finished, it
doesn’t mean the work is finished! Crew still must ship back equipment, do some feedback
for the researchers, do some communication, etc. It is a new beginning!

Crew 310 Mission Summary
Submitted on: SOL 12
Date: February 14, 2025

The Crew
The Hypatia II crew is an interdisciplinary and multigenerational team composed of 9 women selected to participate in an analog mission at the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) between 2-15 February 2025. Their names and backgrounds are presented below.

Dr. Ariadna Farres (Crew Commander & Crew Astronomer): Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics by the University of Barcelona. Specialized in astrodynamics and celestial mechanics, she has devoted part of her scientific career to the study of the use of solar sail for missions in the Earth-Sun system. Currently she works with the Flight Dynamics team at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Anna Bach (Crew Executive Officer & Resident Artist): Mathematics and Computer Science from the University of Barcelona. She currently works as a Product Manager in the tech industry in Barcelona, where she defines the vision, strategy, and roadmap for a product, ensuring it meets customer needs and business goals. Anna also creates comics strips regularly, which she shares on her Annet Planet Instagram page (@annetplanetcomics), currently followed by 38,000 people. The comics feature a young girl working in an office and aims to highlight the role of women in the workplace, always from a positive perspective and often with a STEM-related focus
Dr. Estel Blay (Crew Scientist & Health and Safety Officer): She is an Aerospace Engineer with over 15 years of experience across the UK, Spain, and the USA. Specialising in Earth Observation within the space sector, Estel has developed expertise in business development, project management, and team leadership. Currently, as Program Manager at the Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), she is working on the ESA Phi-LabNET Spain program, supporting innovation for the commercialisation of space technologies aimed at enhancing climate resilience.
Mònica Roca i Aparici (Mission Specialist): She has a Master’s degree in Electronics & Telecommunications Engineering by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. She is the Founder & General Director of isardSAT group, based in Catalonia and the UK (2006). Mònica is a Senior Engineer and Scientist with more than 25 years of experience in scientific, technical and managerial aspects of Altimetry. From 1995 to 2004 she worked at the European Space Agency (ESA/ESTEC), responsible for the RA system onboard EnviSat. In March 2021, she was elected President of the Barcelona Chamber of Commerce. She is also the President of its Space Commission since June 2019.
Dr. Marina Martinez (Geologist & GreenHab Officer): She holds a Ph.D. in Earth and Planetary Sciences from the University of New Mexico in 2021 with Distinction. Currently, she is a postdoctoral researcher at the Schwiete Cosmochemistry Laboratory at Goethe-Universität Frankfurt and a member of the Center for Advanced Sample Analysis of Astromaterials from the Moon and Beyond (CASAMoon) with Chip Shearer as PI, node from the Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) at NASA.
Helena Arias Casals (Crew Engineer): She has a B.Sc. in Mechanical and Electronic Engineering from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC). She is the entrepreneur behind the Light Pills project, which aims to provide light and water to resource-limited areas. She is currently pursuing a master’s degree in Aerospace and Aeronautical Engineering at UPC. She combines her studies with her sporting career in Olympic shooting, having won 3 medals at the Junior European Championships and aiming to compete in the next Olympic Games.
Dr. Jennifer García Carrizo (Crew Journalist): She is a former Juan de la Cierva Postdoctoral Researcher, is now a Lecturer at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Ciberimaginario Research Group) and a researcher at XR COM LAB. She is part of the Art & City Excellence Research Group (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), the Media Discourse Center (DMU, UK) and the R[x]D Group (KU Leuven, Belgium), where she develops her research career improving citizen participation in cultural places through scientific communication and immersive narrative experiences.
Marta Ferrer (Crew Documentar Filmaker): She is a filmmaker and director, specialized in documentaries. Having lived in Mexico for over a decade, she delved deeply into the documentary genre and its creative possibilities, making it her way of life to explore and understand the world. In Mexico, Marta directed two award-winning feature films, «El Varal» (2010) and «A morir a los desiertos» (2017). In 2020, she directed «Bàlsam», a documentary series for TV3, and she recently completed her third feature film, «Con Alma», co-directed with Pedro González Rubio and co-produced between the United States and Mexico.

Some Interesting Facts
Musical moments during the mission: 30 minutes daily morning sport in the lower deck (played with speaker), 5-minutes waiting for decompression inside the airlock (played through the radios), after dinner choir (aided by ukulele).
Three showers per person in 12 SOLs, but daily personal hygiene.
Four homemade breads, 2 cakes and 123 coffee mugs filled by the end of SOL 12.
Over 120 3D printed pieces to help in 3 different projects.

An average of 6 hours of sleep every day.
768 square meters of fabric unfold.
One night seeing the rise of the full moon and one dancing party night in the lower deck (SOL 10 & SOL 7 resp.).
One mouse was heard on two occasions in the upper deck at night (SOL 9 & SOL 10).
The weather caused many logistical problems for our projects during the first week (wind), but it had a nice detail for us on the last SOL (snow).
The Crew Engineer completed another orbit around the Sun, but from Mars (SOL 7).
43 samples collected in 12 different locations. Mostly shales but also sandstones, conglomerates, and minerals such as agatha, gypsum, barite, and other unexpected minerals rich in strontium, potassium, and sulfur.

Daily Life at the MDRS
The Hypatia II crew tracked their daily SOLs on Mars, documenting valuable data on water consumption, the GreenHab harvest and the numbers of extravehicular activities (EVA).

Operations summary
The Crew Engineer Helena Arias and the Mission Specialist Monica Roca i Aparici were in charge of the Operations Reports. One of the data that surprises the most is the water consumption, far from the water consumption on Earth.

Evolution of water consumption
The crew tracked the water consumption during the mission trying to match or improve the Hypatia I results. Most of the water consumption came from water used for hydration, personal hygiene and washing the dishes. Each crew member showered 3 days throughout the 12 Sols.

GreenHab Summary
The GreenHab Officer Marina Martinez was responsible for watering all the plants twice a day. She took care of them to provide fresh vegetables for the crew. The total harvest is summarized below:

EVA summary
The crew conducted a total of 22 EVAs, where they carried out several projects:
Installation of the corner reflector, which included carrying heavy equipment uphill, drilling, and other physically demanding tasks for up to 4 hours at a time (total of 4 EVAs).
Unfolding a giant piece of art of 40 by 40 meters, conducted in several attempts due to strong windy conditions (total of 4 EVAs).
Collecting geological samples, some of them analyzed in situ, and all of them studied later on in the laboratory by Dr Marina Martinez – (total of 6 EVAs).
Other minor projects such as testing NASA EVA support system, flying a drone to map the terrain, using cameras to map the MDRS in 3D, recording interviews and landscapes, and installing and monitoring small solar panels.

Future prospects
As the Hypatia II crew concludes its mission at the MDRS, the Hypatia Mars Association celebrates the successful achievement of its main objectives:
Conducting high-quality space-related research in a Mars analog environment. This included installing a corner reflector to calibrate satellites for years to come and utilizing advanced equipment to analyze collected samples, ensuring that only the most relevant and high-quality specimens are brought back.
Using this research as a tool to inspire future generations in STEM. Our key initiatives included recording material for a documentary and preparing a children’s book to engage young minds.
With this second mission, we continue to emphasize the vital role of women in STEM, striving to inspire and pave the way for future explorers. We hope to be able to continue this work with many more Hypatia crews.

Acknowledgements
The Hypatia II mission is possible with the financial support of the following institutions and private companies:

Crew 310 Mid-Mission Research Report

Submitted on: SOL 7
Date: February 9, 2025

Astronomy

Ariadna Farres Basiana (Crew Commander & Astronomer) is combining her management responsibilities at the MDRS with two research projects. Her astronomy project is:

Monitoring the Sun activity from Mars: The main goal of this project is to observe the Sun from the Musk Observatory, monitoring the evolution of sunspots and prominences. Astronauts on Mars will be affected by solar radiation, given the thin atmosphere of the red plane. The high winds during the first week have limited the number of observations. The images are now being processed and will be analyzed together with next week observations.

Helena Arias (Crew Engineer) is combining her duties as engineer with different research projects. Her astronomy-related project:
Astrophotography on Mar: This project aims to capture images of the Martian sky for scientific outreach and educational purposes across diverse audiences. The images are obtained using the MDRS-WF telescope and the RCOS 16" Ritchey-Chretien telescope.
So far, the only celestial object observed has been Messier 82, which was imaged using the RCOS 16". Further observations have been hindered by persistent cloud cover over New Mexico. However, ten additional observations are planned for the upcoming week, weather permitting.

Geology

Marina Martinez (Green Hab Officer & Biologist) is combining her daily responsibilities in the GreenHab together with different research projects. Her main research project:

In-Situ Analysis in Sample Return Missions: Optimizing Space Exploration: The goal of this project is to optimize future sample-return missions to the Moon and Mars using instrumentation in situ to collect only highly scientific valuable samples, prioritizing quality over quantity. We are using two instruments to obtain compositional information of the collected samples.
The first instrument is the Portable Vanta Max X-ray Fluorescence provided by Evident Scientific (Olympus). It allows real-time XRF data in the field during EVAs, which offers a preliminary analysis to determine whether a sample is worth collecting. The Vanta was in two EVAs.
We experienced trouble during the first days of the simulation because the instrument batteries were not working. The company sent a replacement unit to the Station, which arrived in the evening of Sol 5 (Feb. 7).
The second instrument is the Spectroscout energy-dispersive XRF, which is settled in the Science Dome and intended to stay there. It provides more accurate compositional data by analyzing samples under vacuum conditions. It requires powdered samples and is particularly effective for studying muds and shales from the MDRS area. The results from this instrument guide final decisions on which samples to return to Earth.
The combination of these instruments offers several advantages for sample-return missions:
Pristine analyses: The results obtained in situ have no contamination from the Earth’s atmosphere.
Flexibility: The mission can be adjusted based on the obtained results
Cost efficiency: Less samples are brought back to Earth (less weight)
Geoconservation: It is a much more respectful way of collecting, minimizing the environmental impact.
So far, the Crew Geologist has collected samples from 5 different sites and performed numerous analyses using both instruments. Recommendations for future lunar and Martian exploration include addressing potential equipment issues (e.g., battery reliability), use specialized gloves, and provide a new methodology that promotes sustainable space exploration practices.

Engineering

Monica Roca i Aparici (Mission Specialist) is assisting the Crew Engineer of the mission and performing several projects. The engineering project is her main project:

Simulating Satellite Calibration orbiting Mars Using Corner Reflectors (with Sentinel-3 A&B): This project aims at installing a Corner Reflector at the MDRS, to calibrate Earth-orbiting satellites like the Sentinel-3 A&B using advanced radar techniques, likewise we will calibrate Mars orbiting satellites.

The Corner Reflector structure was installed early in the mission. It was fixed to the ground, on the concrete patch behind the station. The plates over the structure are also in place, screwed to the structure with bolts. The GNSS antenna is also mounted in the middle of the reflector, and it’s connected to the receiver inside the HAB, with a coaxial cable. The receiver is, in turn, connected to a Raspberry Pi to ensure the constant push of the RINEX files with the outside world. This is all correctly functioning and the RINEX files have been proven to contain the correct location. The receiver has also been configured with the final parameters.

What remains to do is:
Moving the antenna outside the reflector to its final configuration. The antenna shall be located right outside the reflector, attached to it with 3 bars that will hold a pole with the antenna on top.
Fixing the coaxial cable to the ground with pegs.
Arranging the internal (HAB) hardware (receiver, raspberry and ethernet switch) and their cable connections, in a neat way.

Points 1 and 2 will be hopefully finished tomorrow in EVA #14, and 3 will be finished in the following days.

Helena Arias (Crew Engineer) is combining her duties as engineer with different research projects. Her astronomy-related project:
3D printing tools on Mars. This project explores the application of additive manufacturing techniques in an analogue Martian environment at the MDRS. As part of the study, structural test objects have been 3D printed on-site to evaluate an optimized solar panel design that enhances resistance to wind and dust. These prototypes have been installed outside the habitat during extravehicular activities (EVAs).
Additionally, functional geological research tools, as well as award-winning tool designs created by teenagers, are scheduled to be printed in the upcoming week.
Estel Blay (Health and Safety officer & Scientist) is combining her health and safety responsibilities at the MDRS with outreach and engineering projects:
Enhancing Solar Panel Efficiency for Dusty Mars Environments: The goal of the experiment is to analyze different mechanisms to reduce the impact of Martian dust on the solar panels. The experiment consists of two different kinds of analysis: one structural and the other focusing on coating options. Two different structures were designed pre-mission, and they are printed using a 3D printer at the MDRS, designed with origami techniques. One of the designs has been installed next to the sun observatory, with one structure folded and the other unfolded. Every day, the crew captures images of the design to identify any hotspots where the dust accumulates, in order to improve the design post-mission.
The second design has been experiencing some 3D printing issues. The engineer and the HSO have been discussing alternatives, and they will deploy it tomorrow next to the other design. The crew will continue taking images of the different structures once a day.
The coating experiment was set up outside, close to the MDRS solar panels. One of the sets presented some problems with the battery, and it will be reinstalled in one of the tunnels to make it easier to access. The data will support the analysis of different coatings to understand how the origami-designed panels could be covered in the future.
The images below show the coating experiment deployed next to the solar panels and the butterfly origami design.

Ariadna Farres Basiana (Crew Commander & Astronomer) is combining her management responsibilities at the MDRS with two research projects. Her engineering project is:

Mars Instrument Deployment Test: This is part of a collaboration between the Hypatia crew and NASA Goddard’s Exploration & In-space Services and Heliophysics engineering group. The goal is to provide feedback on a deployable support system that is being developed for future Lunar and Mars exploration missions. The crew has taken the support system during the EVAs and tested how easy it is to put it on and off the rovers and place it near an area explored during an EVA. During the next weeks the crew will test moving the support system around the EVA area.

Human Factors

Helena Arias (Crew Engineer) is combining her duties as engineer with an engineering, a human factor and an astronomy-related project. The human factor project:
Assessing muscular weight loss on analogue missions. The objective of this project is to analyze muscular weight loss in female astronauts participating in a two-week analogue mission at the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS). To mitigate muscle loss, the crew has followed a structured physical preparation plan along with daily nutritional guidelines.
Heart rate variability (HRV) measurements are being continuously recorded using a Garmin smartwatch. Additionally, other metrics, such as body weight and a short strength test, have been assessed twice and will be measured a third time before the conclusion of the mission to track each crew member’s physiological changes over time.

Monica Roca i Aparici (Mission Specialist) is assisting the Crew Engineer of the mission and performing an engineering and a human factors project. The human factor project:

Monitoring female body behaviour under (semi)extreme conditions: Female body and its reaction to extreme or semi-extreme conditions are not well understood. Studies on human factors have typically been based on male body. There is a lack of information and data regarding female behaviour under certain conditions that are not common daily on Earth but astronauts have to face during the astronaut daily life, and more in particular during the space walks or extravehicular activities.

The MDRS is a perfect place to carry out this study, particularly during EVAs, where hard work or long walks are performed. We are gathering data from the Hypatia II crew 310, during all EVAs using a Garmin watch. These data will be analysed by Human Factor research centres such as the Barcelona Institute of Global Health, ISGlobal, (https://www.isglobal.org/en/) as soon as the Hypatia II mission is concluded.

Biology

Estel Blay (Health and Safety officer & Scientist) is combining her health and safety responsibilities at the MDRS with outreach and engineering projects:

Space Tomato Seeds: This project was created in collaboration with the British School of Barcelona, where the girls from Year 11, with the support of the HSO, designed an experiment to evaluate the growth of tomato seeds as part of the Tomatosphere initiative. This initiative sends tomato seeds into space aboard the ISS and provides two sets of seeds to school groups (those that have been to space and those that haven’t) for them to analyze the growth of the tomato plants and try to determine which seeds are which.
The HSO set up the experiment, which will evaluate the effect of different types of water (clean, filtered, and grey water) on the tomato seeds, as well as the amount of light. The experiment has been deployed in the green hub using pots and petri dishes, completely independent of the ones already part of the MDRS.
The tomato seeds from Group X are growing faster than those in Group Y in all conditions. However, it is still too early to draw conclusions about the potential for space travel. Moreover, the filtered water seems to be a great option for watering the plants, as those seeds were the first to germinate. The different lighting options are not yet yielding results, as they are placed over the seeds in pots, which have not yet germinated.
The images below show one of the small green hubs used to filter the amount of light the plants are receiving, the small pots where the tomato seeds are planted, and the three types of water used in the experiment.

Sustainability

Jennifer García Carrizo (Crew Journalist) is reporting on the field the experience of Hypatia II crew at the MDRS, performing the daily journalist reports and sending the “Photograph of the day”, requested by the MDRS. She has a project related with sustainability:
Hypatia’́s Circular Odyssey: An interactive website featuring a digital twin of the MDRS will showcase various videos on sustainable practices and the circular economy implemented at the station. The goal is to highlight daily actions that ensure the mission’s sustainability and offer inspiration for similar efforts on Earth. So far, the entire base has been scanned, both inside and out, except for the crew members’ bedrooms.
The exterior of the base and its surroundings have also been scanned, and several sustainable practices have been recorded: use of the composter, sports and food routines, water management, and use of the reflector installed at the base. Each day, the crew is also reporting their sustainable practices through The Good Goal App.
The following sustainable practices remain to be documented: 1. Use of sustainable clothing that requires no ironing, repels odors and dirt and can be worn longer without washing. 2. Solar panels and how they work. 8. General video presentation of the project: what is the circular economy and what is sustainability? 3. Type of food consumed at the base: dehydrated food. 4. Water management at the station: how we shower and how we wash the dishes. 5. Use of The Good Goal App. 6. Use of the Astrocup menstrual cup. 7. Collection of sustainable geological samples. 9. Use of 3D printing for printing contingency materials.
Outreach and Communication

Anna Bach (Crew Executive Officer & Resident Artist) is combining her XO responsibilities at the MDRS with conducting several outreach and art projects:

Macro art by satellite: We planned to set up the macro piece of art between the first and the second Sols, using one EVA to set up the references with strings, and a second EVA to unfold the fabric. The plan was to leave the piece of art there for the entire mission, so that as many satellites as possible could pass over it during our mission. This way, we could ensure that we got the picture before retrieving the fabric.
However, in the first EVA, we noticed the wind would not allow for this plan. In fact, the wind didn’t let us set up the fabric in the first place, it was too strong and we had to abort and come back to the base.

Upon doing some thinking, we decided to modify the art piece from a “foot print” 65x35m long to a “cross” 40x40m. We also decided to wait for a less windy day, and set up the art piece right before the satellite pass. On the 6th Sol, we got lucky, and we got a very calm day with 2 satellite psses. We were able to set up the art piece early in the morning, and take it out on the afternoon, to avoid that stronger winds take out the fabric and carry it away.

We were able to capture some pictures with a dron as well. We are now waiting for the satellite image that is to be provided by OpenComsos, the company we are collaborating with.

Children’s book: The purpose of this project was to draw a children’s book based on the real installations of the MDRS, the members of the crew and the projects we are carrying out.
During this week Anna has been able to draw the crew members, and several installations and items of itnerest such as the base from outside, the green hab, the main hab, the science dom and the rovers. Next week she plans to draw the observatory, the RAM and some landscapes, as well as paint them with watercolours.

Estel Blay (Health and Safety officer & Scientist) is combining her health and safety responsibilities at the MDRS with outreach and engineering projects:
Spacetouille – Space Menu for Astronauts: The Singaporean organization Space Faculty created the International Space Challenge, proposing the task of designing a delicious menu for astronauts that contains all the nutritional values they require in a day, to be prepared and eaten by the Hypatia crew during their simulation at the MDRS. The winning team, made up of four children aged 8 to 9 years old from Singapore, wanted to incorporate part of their culture into the design of the menu. Everything was dehydrated and vacuum-sealed. The Hypatia crew commander prepared the entire dehydrated menu before the simulation.
The menu consisted of:
Breakfast: A protein bar made primarily from nuts.
Lunch: Singaporean rice balls and lentil soup.
Dinner: Bolognese pasta and beef stew.
Snack: Sweet potato snacks.
The crew had the menu on Sol 3 and will provide feedback based on a set of questions created by the kids, which will help them analyze any potential improvements to their design. The experiment was integrated into the nutritional plan designed as part of the exercise and nutrition routine tailored to the Hypatia crew’s specific nee
The image below shows the Crew Commander and HSO before preparing the dinner.

Marta Ferrer is the filmmaker of the crew. She has mostly been working on her documentary:

During this week Marta has been recording the daily life of the crew, as well as their projects both inside and outside the station. This includes: preparation of meals, preparation of EVAs, EVAs, installation of the macro piece of art, the installation of the reflector, analysis of rock samples in the Science Dom, Green Hab tasks, among others.

Mars Desert Research Station
Mission Summary

Crew 306 – Montes
Dec 22nd, 2024 – Jan 4th, 2024

Crew Members:
Commander: Jesus Meza-Galvan
Executive Officer and Crew Engineer: Keegan Chavez
Crew Geologist: Elizabeth Howard
Health and Safety Officer: Ryan Villarreal
Green Hab Officer: Adriana Sanchez
Crew Journalist: Rodrigo Schmitt

Acknowledgements:
MDRS crew 306 crew would like to express their gratitude to the many people who helped us put together a successful mission. Firstly, we would like to thank MDRS director Sergii Iakymov, who has been our Mission Support staff here at the station. We are grateful to have a NASA HERA analog astronaut taking care of us in the background. We are also grateful to Russ Nelson for preparing our emergency response plan and taking the time for our orientation; Scott Davis for EVA suit support; Mike Stoltz for his help and guidance on media relations. Ben Stanley, MDRS analog Research Program Director and David Steinhour, MDRS Site Manager; James Burk, Executive Director; Dr. Peter Detterline, Director of Observatories; Bernard Dubb, MDRS IT coordinator. And of course, Dr. Robert Zubrin, President of the Mars Society. From Purdue University we would like to give a special thanks to, Dr. Cesare Guariniello, Dr. Kshitij Mall, Dr. Ariel Black, and Dr. Riley McGlasson for helping us select some of the best researchers that Purdue has to offer, and for advising us on research and mission plans. We would also like to thank the many students that make up the Purdue Mission Support staff; and all of the Purdue educational departments that helped fund this opportunity for crews 305 and 306.

Mission description and outcome:
Crew 306, “Montes”, is the twin mission of Crew 305, “Valles.” Valles and Montes are the eighth and ninth crews invited by MDRS from Purdue University. The team included two women and four men, and represented three countries; the United States, Brazil, and Mexico. The crew was composed of three Aerospace Engineers, one Agricultural and Biomedical Engineer, one Industrial Engineer, and one Electrical Engineer. Crew 306 had three PhD students, two MS students, and one undergraduate student representing Purdue University’s leadership in space research. The crew was able to experience all aspects of space exploration, from mission planning, to field research, to station keeping. The team utilized the analog environment surrounding the station to perform a variety of experiments related to the long-term survival of a manned Mars station. We addressed the need for mapping and scouting terrain using a drone-based Li-DAR system. We addressed the need for sustainable waste management using fungi to break down and upcycle resources that would otherwise be lost. We addressed the need for crew and station health monitoring by implementing both wearable health monitors and environmental sensors placed throughout the station. We addressed the need for in-situ resource utilization by collecting semiconductive materials from the environment and attempting to make photo-voltaic cells. And finally, we performed geological research by measuring the subsurface magnetic properties of the surrounding environment. Montes and Valles are privileged and grateful to MDRS for offering back-to-back crew rotations to Purdue University, allowing us to engage in extended projects and inter-crew collaborations.

Figure 1. MDRS Crew 306, “Montes”. Left to right: JOU Rodrigo Schmitt, HSO Ryan Villarreal, GEO Elizabeth Howard, CMD Jesus Meza-Galvan, GHO Adriana Sanchez, ENG Keegan Chavez

It must be noted that the crew commander is very proud of the way his crew performed during the mission. Everyone on the team showed exemplary skills in performing their duties to the station. GHO Adriana Sanchez took extremely good care of the GreenHab and provided the crew with lots of laughs and fresh produce throughout the mission. JOU Rodrigo Schmitt really put his heart into his daily reports and made us feel like heroes in our story. ENG Keegan Chavez spent many hours on repairs and improvements to the station, including patching up the tunnels that keep the station modules connected and the crew alive. GEO Elizabeth Howard showed great leadership and endurance out in the field during EVAs, leading our science efforts. HSO Ryan Villarreal took the job of monitoring the crew’s health very seriously, making sure the crew was following safe procedures and patching up our small wounds. Thank you all for your hard work, positivity, humor, collaboration, and kindness to each other throughout our mission.

Summary of Extra Vehicular Activities (EVA)
Crew 306 performed 11 total EVA’s. Two EVAs were made to Marble Ritual for orientation. The remaining nine EVAs were multipurpose science EVAs split between three main projects; 1) Digital Reconstruction and Optical Navigation of the Environment (DRONE); 2) Measurements of Subsurface Magnetic Properties (EMF); and 3) Fabrication of photovoltaic cells using in-situ resources (PV). Table 1 has a summary of EVA times and target locations. Figure 2 shows a GPS map of all EVA tracks, markers for sample collection areas, EMF measurements, and DRONE locations. Locations of interest were Kissing Camel, HAB Ridge, Skyline Rim, Eos Chasma, White Rock Canyon, and Barrainca Butte. DRONE Li-DAR scans, EMF measurements, and sample collection for in-situ resource analysis were all performed at these sites.

Table 1. Summary of EVA operations.


Figure 2. Satellite map of Crew 306 EVA locations and tracks. Blue-flag markers indicate locations where samples were collected for Photo-voltaic project, DRONE flights were performed, and EMF measurements were taken. Red-pin markers indicate target EVA site.

Summary of GreenHab Activities
Following Crew 305’s advice, the cucumbers were watered twice daily to prevent wilting. We were able to eat cucumbers almost daily and many tomatoes appeared during our stay. With a little more time, they should be ready for harvesting. The carrots started peaking in our last few days and will be mature in the following weeks. During my stay I transplanted sunflowers, thinning of tomatoes, and replaced a pot of arugula with pea sprouts (after using the arugula of course). The crew was able to enjoy daily use of crops in meals, adding a much-needed splash of green.

Science Summary
Crew 306, “Montes” performed seven separate projects that covered a range of topics. Three of our projects required EVA activities. The other four projects were performed within the HAB, Science Dome, and RAM. Each crew member was responsible for proposing, planning, and executing their own project, highlighting the diverse expertise of the crew. The team utilized the analog environment surrounding the station to perform a variety of experiments related to the long-term survival of a manned Mars station. We addressed the need for mapping and scouting terrain using a drone-based Li-DAR system. We addressed the need for sustainable waste management using fungi to break down and upcycle resources that would otherwise be lost. We addressed the need for crew and station health monitoring by implementing both wearable health monitors, and environmental sensors placed throughout the station. We addressed the need for in-situ resource utilization by collecting semiconductive materials from the environment and attempting to make photo-voltaic cells. And finally, we performed geological research by measuring the subsurface magnetic properties of the surrounding environment.

Research Projects:

Title: LIDAR-Enhanced Drone Simulations for Mars EDL Operations
Author: Rodrigo Schmitt
Objective: Demonstrate the use of drone-based LIDAR operations to perform local mapping of the terrain. Final Status: While large-scale data post-processing awaits more bandwidth and time, initial analyses confirm the potential for drone-based LIDAR mapping to enhance Martian EDL site selection (Figure 3). Despite challenges arising from mechanical vibration, electromagnetic interference, and communications constraints, the project demonstrated a successful synergy of LIDAR, IMU, and GPS sensors on a drone platform. Future work will emphasize advanced data fusion, extended flight tests, and real-time operation, thereby contributing to more robust and detailed EDL planning capabilities for planetary exploration.

Figure 3: (a) Drone assembly with LIDAR sensor and mount; (b) Drone full assembly during an EVA with battery and onboard computing via Raspberry Pi

Title: Subsurface Magnetic Properties of the Martian Environment
Author: Elizabeth Howard
Objectives: Study geological magnetism to develop test procedures for future missions.
Final Status: A satisfactory number of EVAs were completed using the EMF meter for data collection; this data has been plotted and is able to undergo post-processing. This will involve analysing trends in data such as short-term (on the order of minutes) changes in readings as well as overall daily value ranges. Soil types where the instrument was placed were collected and qualitatively logged to consider this as a factor in day-to-day data trends.

Figure 4: Elizabeth Howard and Crew GreenHab Officer Adriana Sanchez setting up the EMF meter and taking a soil sample (right), EMF meter data from EVA 6, with the highest f10.7 index of 258.5 relative to EVAs where magnetic data was taken (left).

Title: Waste Management Solutions for Space Habitats: Utilizing Mycoremediation
Author(s): Adriana Sanchez
Objectives: Advancing the technology readiness level (TRL) of Mycoponics™ technology by accessing transportability, and survivability of blue oyster fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus var. columbinus).
Final Status: The TRL of Mycoponics™ is a presently at 6 and continuous improvements of the chambers will allow us to preform our first prototype demonstration in a space environment. Excaudate samples collected during the mission will be tested for potential contaminant as well as nutrient concertation to determine the rate at which mushrooms were consuming liquid media.

Title: Fabrication of photovoltaic cells using semiconductor material gathered In-Situ.
Author(s): Jesus Meza-Galvan
Objectives: Gather iron fillings and iron-oxide containing minerals from the environment to use as semiconducting material to fabricate a rudimentary solar-cell.
Final Status: Soil samples were collected during EVA to analyze their iron content. Most samples showed only minute traces of Iron. Altogether, only 0.2 grams of magnetic minerals were collected from 9665 grams of soil. This was not enough to perform the controlled oxidation experiments to create semiconducting FeO that was planned for the mission. Devices were made using hematite powder (Fe2O3) processed from concretions found on top of HAB ridge, which produced between 0.2 Volts and 0.7 Volts. However, the devices did not seem to not be photo-sensitive, indicating the devices made were not solar-cells, but instead some sort of chemical battery, perhaps driven by a reaction between the hematite powder, the iodide solution, or the copper electrode. All devices made had lifetimes no longer than 5 minutes, as the hematite layer quickly dissolves into the iodide solution. To improve the devices, a binder must be added to the hematite powder to maintain the layer integrity against the liquid redux mediator.

Figure 5: a) Hematite Concretion collected from HAB ridge. b) Ground hematite powder believed to be composed of primarily Fe2O3, a semiconducting material that can be used for photo-sensitive cels. c) Top electrode of a photosensitive cell using hematite powder as the active layer and a copper strip for electrical contact, and bottom electrode using aluminium as the electrical contact and over the counter iodide tincture as a redux mediator. d) Full device connected to a voltmeter showing the cell produced 0.654 Volts.

Title: Sensor-based Team Performance Monitoring in Isolated, Confined, and Extreme Environments
Author(s): Ryan Villarreal
Objectives: To take team-level measurements of team dynamics in isolated, confined, and extreme environments.
Final Status: All physiological data and puzzle tasks sessions was successfully completed for analysing team-level physiological response to isolated, confined, and extreme environments. Analysis will begin upon returning to Purdue, where greater computational resources are available.

Title: EVA Crew Monitoring System
Author(s): Keegan Chavez
Objectives: The project will extend the MDRS Monitoring System project to include a network of Raspberry Pi’s to measure and record crew member biometrics while on an EVA, specifically body temperature and CO2 levels.
Final Status: One hardware prototype was developed; however, calibration of sensors is still needed. As monitoring human biometrics, an approved IRB is needed for testing on EVA. Further, a method for fixating the main helmet board during EVA is needed.

Figure 6: Placement of the CO2 Sensor and Temperature Sensor (left). Completed EVA suit CO2 and Temperature monitoring system (center). Wiring schematic (right).

7.
Title: Wearable-Based Autonomic Profiles for Real-Time Cognitive Monitoring in Spaceflight
Author: Peter Zoss, Ryan Villarreal
Objective: This study will longitudinally quantify individual changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) status via a wearable sensor in MDRS crew members to understand how our autonomic activity is associated with sequential measures of cognitive performance for predictive model development.
Final Status: All physiological data and Cognition Battery Tests were successfully collected and administered for analysis once back at Purdue where more computing resources are available.